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Chemical Biology 2: Protein Structures
Peptide Bonds: The peptide bond has a partial double bond character, caused by significant delocalisation of the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. This partial bond leads to a large dipole moment, and renders the amide group planar. There is a barrier of 88 kJ/mol between the carbon and nitrogen to keep the…
Chemical Biology 1: Enzymes and Their Complicated Processes
Enzymes are highly specific in which molecules they bind to. Here, we will learn why. Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes are major forms of human hormones. They are allosteric up-regulators of hormone response, at sub-nanomolecular concentrations. Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes control reactions such as asthma, inflammation, pain, gastric function, reproduction and gender. These hormones are all synthesised from…
Chemical Biology 1: Antibiotics and Resistance
Penicillium is a genus of fungi that plays a vital role in the pharmaceutical and medicinal industries. In 1929, Alexander Fleming, a bacteriologist in London, published a paper detailing an isolated Penicillium mould. He named the active agent of this mould ‘penicillin’, and determined that penicillin has an anti-bacterial effect on multiple pathogens. Although Fleming…
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